Abstract:

Purpose: An overview of physiologic and clinical issues associated with normal aging is presented. Specifically, a discussion of theories of morphology of aging of the neuromusculoskeletal, cardiovascular, urinary, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems is offered. Methodology: A qualitative review of relevant clinical literature attenuated by the authors' experience and expertise is provided. Summary: The older patient may present with a host of problems, some related to end-stage diseases such as diabetes and some the result of poor lifestyle choices and habits. There are some natural or normal decreases in function that must be noted to better place the patient presentation in proper context. These decreases are discussed with a focus on the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations that set the geriatric patient apart from the younger patient. Most changes can be adapted to and supplemented by intellectual, neural, and attitude changes.